Introduction

1. This Special Assembly for Africa of the Synod of Bishops is a providential event of grace, for which we must give praise and thanks to the almighty and merciful Father through the Son in the Holy Spirit.

It is taking place in this historic moment when the continent of Africa is at a major and critical crossroads in its socio-political and economic development. We are meeting within the context of a world in desperate search of a "New World Order", a world order that should be not only "new" but also more just and human. We are celebrating the Synod along with the universal Church called to "New Evangelisation" all over the world. This event of grace is also a call to zealous commitment.

To this call of grace, the Church in Africa has given a unanimous and very generous response. This is evident in the careful and meticulous preparation of the Synod so far, in the active involvement of the entire Church in Africa at all levels, and in the enriching sharing of ideas, during the Synod process, within and among the local Churches of Africa.

Since the announcement of the convocation of the Synod by the Pope, John Paul II, on the day of Epiphany 1989, the Church in Africa has been on a "common journey", a "sun-hodos". In the next four weeks, this common journey will continue as an intensive period of common prayer and reflection, of a pooling together through exchanges of our fears, hopes and certainties for the implanting of the gospel in Africa through the Church. In this Synod, assembled under the light of the Holy Spirit, we hope to reap the fruits of the Synod process so far, to listen to what the Spirit is saying to us and to plot our journey forward, together and in union with the universal Church.

While here as privileged representatives and concrete embodiments of our respective local Churches and of the universal Church (cf. Instrumentum Laboris, 4), we remain united to the entire Church in Africa in heart, mind and spirit. Furthermore, from this privileged venue of the Synod Hall, cum et sub Petro, we are linked as well with the world-wide family of the Catholic Church. From here the whole Church, we hope, will hear and join in our efforts to discern and follow the designs of the Holy Spirit for the Church in Africa and in Madagascar towards the year 2000.

In this Position Paper effort will be made to highlight the major points on the Synod agenda and to focus attention on some of the main issues that have emerged from the grassroots consultation and the copious reports on it. The aim is to avoid dispersed and sterile discussion, not to predetermine the work of the Synod or inhibit your total freedom as the Fathers of the Synod.

THEME OF THE SYNOD

2. The general theme of the Synod, as we all know, is evangelisation. We must keep this in mind in all our discussions so as to avoid dispersing our attention in too many directions without arriving at any concrete conclusions. The concept of evangelisation will therefore be the focus for our various concerns.

But what do we mean by evangelisation? It is, first of all, "Good News", as the very word connotes. It is the proclamation to the world of the good and joyful news that God, who loves us, has redeemed and is redeeming his world through Jesus Christ. In its method and aim, therefore, evangelisation must seek to give Good News to the world, and in particular, to the peoples of Africa and Madagascar. In a continent full of bad news, how is the Christian message "Good News" for our people? In the midst of an all-pervading despair, where lies the hope and optimism which the Gospel brings? Evangelisation stands for many of those essential values which our continent very much lacks: hope, joy, peace, love, unity and harmony. Africa is in dire need of the gospel message for through the gospel God builds up his family.

We must operate with a positive and integral concept of evangelisation as clearly set forth in the relevant official documents of the Church. It involves no doubt the preaching of the Word, inviting hearers to accept Jesus and his saving message and to enter into his Church. But it is wider and deeper than that. It includes the transformation of human society through the message and living witness of the Church and her members. It is thus that what the Gospels refer to as the "Reign of God" comes about: promoting peace and justice, restoring human dignity and bringing this world as close to God's design as possible. Evangelisation touches all human beings and every human person, as also every aspect of human life.

We have to consider evangelisation in its different dimensions. Redemptoris Missio, for example, speaks of missio ad gentes, new evangelisation and pastoral care, all of which are realities of major importance. In the African context, one often speaks of phases of evangelisation which sometimes overlap. These are: primary evangelisation whereby the gospel message is brought to those who have never received it, pastoral care of those already in the Church and the witness of Christian living as a necessary implication of our faith.

In recent years, the Holy Father has been calling for a new evangelisation, "new in method, new in expression and new in zeal" (Discourse to the XIX Plenary Assembly of CELAM, Port-au-Prince, 9 March 1983; A.A.S. LXXV (1983), 778). We need to work out what this means in the context of the different local Churches of Africa.

3. A particularly striking and relevant image of what evangelisation is all about is to see it as a building up the family of God on earth. This concept, so often evoked in the responses to the Lineamenta, has deep roots in our African culture. It also expresses the profound Christian and African values of communion, fraternity, solidarity and peace. For in a truly African family, joys, difficulties and trials are shared in a trusting dialogue. Since the whole of humanity is in a sense God's family, this image also opens evangelisation out to its universal dimensions: welcoming all peoples and each person into this great family, as a conscious member or as one moved by the Spirit. As a summary of this paragraph, we can say once again that God, through the gospel, builds up his family, for evangelisation invites humanity to participate in the very life of the Trinity, called it to return, through the Son, in the Spirit, back to the Father "so that God may be all in all" (1 Cor. 15,28).

The image of the Church as the People of God, as in the approach of the Second Vatican Council (Lumen Gentium, 18), merits to be thrown into relief. In the particular context of Africa, we recall in this regard our strong sense of being and belonging to a people who must keep together in mutual solidarity. This at times degenerates into negative forms of tribalism and ethnicism. But in the concept of the Church as the People of God which cuts across and unites all tribes and nations, the African values of "people" and "tribe" find a more adequate and broader expression.

In reflecting on evangelisation, this Synod will do well to pay special attention to two decisive areas of concern and interest, namely, the agents of evangelisation and the structures for accomplishing the evangelising mission of the Church. We shall return to these important questions later.

The problems of the Church in Africa are as many, serious and complex as those plaguing society on the continent. We shall not be able to tackle them all and offer definitive solutions in four weeks of work in Synod Assembly. But as Fathers of the Synod you will be attentive to the "signs of the times". The five task of evangelisation that have been the object of attention in the pre-synodal documents, namely, proclamation, inculturation, interreligious dialogue, justice and peace, and the means of social communication, have not been chosen at random. They are conceived as responses to the major challenges facing the Church in Africa in our times.

THE CONTEXT OF EVANGELISATION: CHURCH AND SOCIETY IN AFRICA TODAY.

4. Africa is a continent of wide varieties and diversity of situations of both Church and society. This diversity was clearly reflected in the responses to the Lineamenta from the Episcopal Conferences. We therefore need to beware of generalisations, both in the diagnosis of problems and issues and in the suggestion of solutions. The local Church must take responsibility for the details of its own concrete existence. A forum such as the Synod can give only broad guidelines and general orientations.

One common situation, without any doubt, is that Africa is full problems. In almost all our nations, there is abject poverty, tragic mismanagement of available scarce resources, political instability and social disorientation. The results stare us in the face: misery, wars, despair. In a world controlled by rich and powerful nations, Africa has practically become an irrelevant appendix, often forgotten and neglected by all.

The Church is part of this society in distress. In these tragic conditions, she must carry out her mission to offer our problems the Good News of Christ's redemption, and be the sacrament, sign and instrument of God's kingdom within our continent. In order to be able to carry out this mission effectively, she must be in constant dialogue and loving solidarity with the society in which she finds herself. This Synod Assembly is a providential opportunity to enter into dialogue and express our solidarity with our continent in the midst of its pains and joys, hopes and fears (De Ecclesia in mundo huius temporis, Gaudier et Spies, 1).

By the mystery of God's grace, the Church in Africa stands out as a beacon of light which gives hope in an obscure and troubled sea. In a few places, the Church has deep roots that go back to the apostolic age. In other places there is an uninterrupted history of five centuries of Christian existence. But in most of Africa, the Church is young, barely a century old. The phenomenal growth of the Church in Africa in this last century has rightly been described as a record in the history of Christian missions.

5. It is appropriate at this point to pay rousing homage to the missionaries, men and women of many Religious and Secular Institutes, as well as to all the countries who, during the almost two thousand years of evangelisation of the African continent, devoted themselves without counting the cost to the task of transmitting the torch of the Christian faith. This they did in three successive waves - during the first five centuries, during the XV century and finally around the middle of the XIX century. There may have been, here and there, connivance with the conquerors or lace of understanding of, and appreciation for, the indigenous cultural values of those to whom the gospel was being preached - false steps are part and parcel of every human undertaking. It remains true, nevertheless, that an admirable and gigantic work has been accomplished. Nor are we to forget their indigenous and indispensable Auxiliaries, the Catechists and the leaders of the various communities, not to mention the hospitality and kind reception given by the traditional Chiefs and the generosity of benefactors who both gave material help and supported the work with their prayers. The Congregation for the Evangelisation of Peoples, founded in 1622, bestowed on the mission a solicitude both vigilant and generous. Of these initiatives, this special synodal Assembly for Africa is the living proof and result.

That is why we, the happy inheritors of this marvellous adventure, joyfully pay our debt of thanks to God on this occasion.

6. We should not be surprised to find that our young Church is characterised by the strengths and weaknesses of youth. On the one hand, there are many positive "signs of the times" which constitute great opportunities for present and future growth: vigour and vitality, zeal and enthusiasm, natural religiosity and sense of the transcendence of God. It is a Church in transition between a mission Church and a Church on mission, testing its wings and seeking its way towards full maturity, a Church of the future with great hopes and optimism.

On the other hand, the Church is often challenged by many problems. I many areas, the Christian faith is shallow and needs to become more rooted. In a largely illiterate society, new ideas move and sink slowly. Thus the teaching and proposals of the Second Vatican Council are applied with a rather slow rhythm. This must be coupled with the reluctance and fear of new converts in relation to recent reforms in the Church. Many factors, among which are distances, poor communications, language barriers and sheer poverty, have rendered co-operation at the continental level very difficult. This strongly reflected in the endemic problems in the structures and running of the Symposium of the Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar (SECAM). Moreover, the Church in Africa and Madagascar ought to be in ongoing dialogue with the society in which she finds herself and her efforts towards evangelisation ought to be inserted in a wider framework. In fact, in today's world which has become a "global village", those who isolate themselves and who turn in upon themselves become the poorer and place themselves on the sidelines.

The many problems of Church and society in Africa give rise to opportunities as well as challenges which this Synod will do well to keep in view. The thirst for God and the shallow faith of many of our people call for more intensive and sustained proclamation of the gospel. A serious concern for a true and balanced inculturation is necessary in order to avoid cultural confusion and alienation in our fast evolving society. The search for unity and harmony in the face of ethnic and religious divisions and antagonisms would be futile without a true spirit and honest practice of dialogue. Our socio-political instability and economic misery cannot be effectively tackled without serious attention to justice and peace. Africa's problems are compounded not only by ignorance but by deliberate deceit and misinformation by those who detain power and control the means of social communication. Access to the truth and the right to be heard are prerequisites for genuine freedom and responsible participation in the life of the nation.

This agenda of the Synod is in continuity with the previous efforts of the episcopate in Africa and Madagascar who, through the work of SECAM and of the Episcopal Conferences, have sought to tackle the urgent challenges facing the Church in Africa and Madagascar.

We shall now address the areas which we consider require priority attention at this Synod.
 

THE PROCLAMATION OF THE GOSPEL

7. It is natural that the first of these priorities should be the proclamation of the Gospel message. As St. Paul declares: "Woe to me if I do not preach the Gospel!" (1 Cor. 9,16). It is a command we have received from the Lord, who ordered his apostles to "go, make disciples of all nations" (Mt. 28,19). As far as we can, we must seek to proclaim the message explicitly, with peaceful zeal and evangelical boldness. Our people need this message - for every person has a right to the Good News - and we should leave no stone unturned to announce it to them. Our proclamation of the Good News will be marked by fidelity, for the Church received the mission to proclaim the saving message of Jesus Christ and no other.

But our proclamation must always be in humility, respect and love of persons. Even in situation where civil authorities put obstacles in the way of explicit evangelisation, the message of Christ's kingdom of peace, justice and love can still be effectively proclaimed by a silent but "loud" witness of life and action. At times it may be advisable and even necessary to denounce and publicly condemn efforts to unjustly put obstacles in the way of our preaching of the Gospel. It seems, nevertheless, preferable, within the limits of possibility, to undertake positive action and gentle persuasion than head-on confrontation. In any case, we can be sure that "the Gospel of Christ cannot be put in chains". Nevertheless, those who are labouring under unjust restriction deserve the comfort, encouragement and support of the entire Church.

Proclamation to those not yet reached by the Gospel must take note of the "seeds of the Word" present in the traditional religion of our peoples. It is never the case of a spiritual vacuum, since "God never leaves himself without a witness" (Acts 14,17).

In our programme of proclamation, we need to discern well what structures and infrastructures may be necessary for effective action. This is at all levels: parish, diocese and nation. We have, nevertheless, to bear in mind that structures, even the best ones, depend for effectiveness on those who use them or make them function. The Synod is also an appropriate occasion to assess and improve our structures and channels for inter-African co-operation. The challenge of Pope Paul VI to the African Church in 1969: "By now, you Africans are missionaries to yourselves" is still to be consistently and convincingly addressed.

8. What resources do we dispose of? The most important, after the grace of Christ, is the People. The whole People of God in the theological understanding of Lumen Gentium - this People which comprises the members of the Body of Christ in its entirety - has the mandate, which is both an honour and a duty, to proclaim the Gospel message. In the now well-known African experience of "Small Christian Communities", the whole People of God are mobilised to be Church and to evangelise. What lessons can be learnt and shared from this experience, as model of an evangelising local Church? The Small Christian Community can derive theological enrichment and missionary motivation from the concept of the Church as "Family of God" to which all are called and destined to belong. The concept of "family", which is very strong in Africa, expresses in concrete imagery the profound ecclesiological idea of the communion of believers, a fellowship of diversities of roles and persons.

The whole community needs to be trained, motivated and empowered for evangelisation, each according to his or her specific role within the Church. First are the ordained ministers of Word and Sacrament: Bishops and priests, indispensable for the life of the Church. Bishops have the greater responsibility, as the Second Vatican Council declared: "Christ's mandate to preach the Gospel to every creature (Mk. 16,15) primarily and immediately concerns them" (Ad Gentes, 38). The Bishop's concern for evangelisation should transcend the limits of his diocese to embrace the whole world in a spirit of universal solicitude for the entire Church of God (Christus Dominus, 6). This demands that in the exercise of his pastoral ministry the Bishop should acknowledge the importance of the witness of personal Christian life for the very success of his pastoral action.

9. Priests, as ordained ministers, in hierarchical communion with the Bishop, form a sole presbyterium with him, sharing his responsibility in evangelisation. We give thanks and praise to God for the steady rise in priestly vocations all over the continent. In some places, there is the special blessing of abundant vocations. Every effort must be made, with support of the universal Church, to effectively harness, properly train and judiciously deploy these precious fruits of God's blessings, especially for the extensive and intensive evangelisation of the African continent. Here the directives and suggestions in official Church documents on the necessary collaboration among local Churches for a better distribution of priestly personnel in the world deserve the attention of the Church also in Africa and Madagascar. Nor can we forget that despite copious vocations in some places, the general situation in terms of priest-people ratio in Africa is still very poor.

On the whole, the priest in Africa enjoys great respect from the people, even outside the Catholic fold. African society has a natural respect for those who are recognised as "men of God". The priest must not fail to live up to this dignity. At the same time, however, the priest in Africa today must define his image in terms of collaboration with the whole People of God, and in solidarity with the real living conditions of the people at large. It would be a pity if he were to become part of the small cream of affluent elite in a sea of misery. Furthermore, he must maintain a high sense of missionary zeal and avoid becoming just a "maintenance man" in an "established Church". The harvest all over Africa is great and the labourers few. Priestly training must take note of these factors. Likewise priests should be aware of the necessity of a personal spiritual and pastoral life which testifies to the Gospel message and thus gives them credibility in the eyes of the faithful: "in the Church, the witness given by a life truly and essentially Christian which is dedicated to God in an indissoluble union and which is likewise dedicated with the utmost fervour of soul to our neighbour is the primary organ of evangelisation?. The men of our day are more impressed by witness than by teachers, and if they listen to these it is because they also bear witness" (Paul VI, Evangelii Nuntiandi, 41: AAS LXVIII (1976) 31). Recent official Church documents on priestly training, especially the Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation, Pastores dabo vobis of John Paul II, will need to be studied and reread in the light of our local realities.

10. Priests have always worked hand in hand with religious in the founding and development of the Church in Africa. The coming Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops on the "Consecrated Life and its Mission in the Church and in the World" sharpens the need for this Synod to examine the image and role of religious in Africa today. African foundation, as well as Africans in international communities, have to continue to seek ways of making religious life an ever more powerful and credible witness in the African context. We can and must speak of inculturation of religious life, taking seriously the challenges that this entails.

Collaboration between religious and the hierarchy is of capital importance especially in the missionary situation of our Church. Thanks to God, there are studies, researches and orientations which are very useful in ensuring effective and fruitful "mutual relations" (cf. Sacred Congregation for Religious and Secular Institutes and the Sacred Congregation for Bishops, Notae directivae pro mutuis realitionibus inter episcopos et religiosos in Ecclesia, Mutuae relationes: AAS LXX (1978) 473-506). These should be followed by all concerned. In many cases, the team of religious in a diocese are also of foreign origin. The collaboration between the local clergy and expatriate missionaries is a powerful witness to the unity and universality of the Church which cannot go unrecognised; at the same time, it constitutes a source of energy indispensable for the work of evangelisation of the continent. Every effort should therefore be made to maintain, protect and promote such collaboration.

11. The laity have and enviable record of active participation, often of initiative, in the life of the African Church. This has been achieved through the dynamism of Movements of Catholic Action, Apostolic Associations and new Movements of Spirituality without forgetting the beneficial influence of "Small Christian Communities". This should continue and grow at all levels of the laity: men and women, adults, youth and children also.

12. Catechesis form a special category of honour among the laity. They have a long and glorious tradition in the Church in Africa and Madagascar. Their role is still valid. But this role needs to be re-evaluated and updated for the needs of today, planning also for the future. The Church in Africa and Madagascar would be at a great loss without their collaboration.

13. Our future gaze could be cast also in the direction of the generous provisions which the Church has made for new, non-ordained ministries for lay people in the Church. The Synod may want to consider if we have looked carefully enough into these provisions, in the light of our pressing pastoral needs.

14. For all Church personnel, there is the triple question of recruitment, training and adequate maintenance within the means of our local Churches. The Church in Africa is poor mainly because Africa is poor. But heave and continued dependence on foreign financial sources of aid should be a cause for major concern. Certainly we appreciate and are grateful for the Christian solidarity and charity of our richer and older Churches who have been coming to our aid. But we too must play our role in seeking ways of greater self-reliance. More sustained mobilisation of local resources, better management of available means, critical assessment of our real needs and a creative approach to meeting those needs within our local possibilities - have we been doing enough in these directions?

15. Early Church history traces the origins of the monastic life to Egypt in Africa. Augustine, the Bishop of Hippo in Africa, started a great tradition of monasticism that has continued to flourish even today. The contemplative life is an essential element of the Church which the Church in Africa has yet to fully appreciate and rediscover. Its contribution to evangelisation is very important.

The question on proclamation are many, the challenges great. The command of Christ clear and formal, and he has promised to be with us to the end of time (cf. Mt. 28,19-20).
 

INCLUTURATION

16. Although inculturation is a relatively new word, the reality it connotes has always been part and parcel of the evangelising mission of the Church down the ages. It has to do with rooting the Gospel message in the culture of a people. It has become a major concern of the Church in African and Madagascar because of the relative newness of Christianity among our peoples, and the foreign origin of its heralds in most places. Many have therefore a strong feeling of having received a faith not yet fully at home in our life and culture.

The Synod documents treat inculturation within the framework of a theology of the incarnation. That is to say that inculturation is more than a simple adaptation to cultural modes of expression - what has been called the theology of "adaptation". It goes deeper, into ways of understanding the faith and living it out in practical experience. It is an all-embracing process which in the last analysis is the work of the Holy Spirit leading the believer into the full knowledge of the truth.

Inculturation is an ecclesial task, involving all levels of the Church, each at its own place and according to its own role. It is not only a question of theological speculation by experts, but involves the Christian life of the people at the grassroots. However, Bishops have a special responsibility to promote, guide and supervise the process of inculturation in communion with the hierarchy and at the service of the People of God. The Church in Africa ought not to fear inculturation; they contrary should be the case, for the origins of inculturation go back to the very beginnings of Christianity. That is to say that inculturation has indissoluble links with the Good News of salvation in Jesus Christ.

In the concrete application of the general principles of inculturation, we are faced with the great diversity of cultures and pastoral situations in Africa. The general concerns of inculturation are valid not only for Africa and the so-called "mission lands". Every nation and culture must constantly face the challenge of finding a relevant and living expression of the Christian message. The efforts of each culture in this regard enrich the universal Church.

17. Inculturation touches every aspect of life. In the African context, the following areas come to mind as necessary and urgent.

In the matter of theological expression, the project of an African Theology must continue with all vigour and commitment, respecting the principles of compatibility with the Gospel and communion with the universal Church (Instrumentum laboris, 68). New grounds are likely to be broken if more effort were made to do theology in the local languages, despite the difficulties which such an effort would entail.

Worship and liturgy are specially privileged fields of inculturation. The ancient rites of the Church, including those of Africa, in Egypt and in Ethiopia, are fruits of liturgical inculturation. More attention should be paid to these ancient African rites as we try to evolve new ones in other parts of Africa. In this regard, the experience of Zaire, approved by the Holy See, is a step in the right direction. The emergence of such rites is as of right not as concession.

Marriage and family need to be looked at more closely, in order to recover and promote the precious values of the traditional African family. This could be a great contribution to finding an effective response to the crisis of the family in many modern societies. We need greater appreciation for our various customary laws of marriage and serious effort to harmonise them with Church lass on marriage.

Healing and sickness are very important dimensions of people's lives in Africa and Madagascar. The holistic and sacral approach characteristic of most of our cultures highlight the spiritual dimension of physical health and sickness. This is in line with the biblical data on Christ's ministry to the sick, and with the practice of the Church down through the centuries. There is an organic link between spiritual and physical healing. Recent emphasis on "faith healing" and the proliferation of "healing ministries" in many places pose the challenge of discernment. Experiences in this area evince valid points to be encouraged and dangers to be avoided.

Initiation rites common in many African cultures can enrich and offer powerful symbolism for the Christian rites of initiation, the sacraments and sacramentals and even the religious life.

18. Inculturation presupposes a positive attitude to our cultures, especially the religious aspects of these cultures. Conversion to the Christian faith is always in the line of continuity with faith in God and acceptance of his sovereign will. We need to distinguish clearly in our minds between true inculturation and inadmissible syncretism. The Instrumentum laboris (105-106) indicates useful lines of discernment in its long list of positive and negative aspects of the African Traditional Religion. Finally, we need to acknowledge the limits of inculturation. Its aim is not to remove all difficulties from the Christian life but to facilitate a more authentic, convinced and convincing way of living the Gospel.
 

DIALOGUE

19. After all that we find in the Lineamenta and the Instrumentum laboris on this topic, we only need to highlight a few points.

In Africa and Madagascar, dialogue is often a family affair, as people of different faiths live together in the same family. This offers a terrain favourable to interreligious dialogue: to bring believers to the realisation that we are all children of the same Father, God.

For the African nations, religious dialogue is an important instrument for peace and unity, especially where society tends to be polarised along religious lines. The Church, as sacrament of the unity of mankind, has here a basic motivation for engaging in dialogue which cuts across and breaks down barriers dividing communities and nations. Who does not see that in the Africa of today this apostolate of unity is of paramount importance?

20. For us Africans, African Traditional Religion (ATR) is neither alien nor even a separate religious system. Rather, it usually represents the common religious and spiritual rooting for all who belong to the same ethnic group. In this sense, ATR can in fact be a bridge for dialogue between the different religions reaching Africa from outside.

If the Christian faith is to find its deepest roots in the spiritual culture of our peoples, there must be a serious dialogue with ATR. The Synod documents have a long list of elements which, purified and elevated in the light of the Gospel, can become a firm foundation of religious cultural heritage upon which an authentic Christian life in Africa can be built.

It seems that so far the Church in Africa and Madagascar has not taken up the necessary formal dialogue with ATR. At the Assisi Prayer for Peace (27 October, 1986), and on some of his pastoral visits to Africa, the Holy Father has made powerful gestures of recognition of, and dialogue with, our traditional religion. How can we follow up such gestures without giving the wrong signals to our people seeking the light of the Gospel? In any case, we need to stress that our traditional religion deserves to be considered as a valid partner in dialogue as much as any other organised world religion.

21. Islam is described in the Synod documents as "an important but difficult partner" in dialogue. But this dialogue is, nevertheless, very necessary. There are, of course, vast diversities in Christian-Muslim relations in Africa. In most cases, these relations are generally good, especially in places where both faiths are represented in the same ethnic group or even within the same family circle. Such positive conditions should be fully exploited for promoting more effective dialogue throughout the African continent.

On the Christian side, concern for truth and objectivity would make it little honest to mask the many cases of real and serious difficulty in the practice of Christian-Muslim relations. On this score, the Plenary Assembly of the Symposium of the Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar (SECAM) meeting in Yaounde in 1981 declared: "The evident political implications of the current awakening of Islam make it an obligation for SECAM to follow the situation closely, taking account of the clear directives of the Council. On account of possessing a global vision of the continent as a whole, SECAM is in a position to offer effective help to the different Episcopal Conferences".

In the wake of SECAM, this synodal Assembly invites the laity, the priests and the religious to seek to know Islam and whatever touches it better, in the hope that the example of Christian life, lived in fidelity to Christ, the only Saviour, is the best response to the challenge of Islam.

Most of the time, difficulties with Islam have their source in influences from beyond Africa and from outside Islam as a religion. Dialogue cannot thrive without mutual respect, recognition and reciprocity. The voice of the Synod must be loud and clear in denouncing and condemning denial or undue restriction of religious freedom wherever it may be found especially where our local Churches are involved, in African and elsewhere. Whatever the difficulties of the situation, we must seek better relations by highlighting the religious and human values we share, by intensifying our evangelisation by a living, often silent, but always effective presence and witness.

22. Ecumenical dialogue with other Christians must be given special attention if the evangelisation of Africa is to continue its rapid progress. All of us who proclaim the holy Name of Jesus need to pull our resources and all our forces together.

On the whole, there is much working together on the practical level. But there does not seem to be enough formal ecumenical dialogue or encounter, and this limits the scope and force of collaboration. Many Christian groups in Africa, especially those recently founded, do not appreciate the need for any form of "organic unity" beyond our present loose bonds of Christian fellowship. How can the Church continue to tread timidly in scandalous division and disunity when it knows that the unity of Christians is one of the three fundamental objectives of the Second Vatican Council?

23. The Sects feature in many of the responses to the Lineamenta, often as a cause of concern for the Church. This word however covers a diversity of phenomena, even in the same area. Their activities and apparent success often challenge us to look more closely into our methods of evangelisation and pastoral care. Should we not acknowledge some of their strong points: zeal for the Gospel, deep conviction, attention to individual needs of body and soul, effective organisation in small groups, lively, warm and enjoyable worship? Even in cases of fanatical opposition to the Catholic faith, a positive response on our part in the spirit of dialogue is always possible. The Church, as a patient and indulgent mother, must have an open heart which invites and welcomes everyone.

24. The contemplative life has an important role in promoting ecumenical and interreligious dialogue, as the experience of the Church in many parts of the world shows, for example, with Muslims and Buddhists. What are our experiences in this regard?

25. In conclusion, it is to be said that the spirit of dialogue should characterise all aspects of the life of the Church. Whether in theology or pastoral practice, in preaching or social interactions, we should "do all in our power to live in peace with everyone" (cf. Rom. 12,18), avoiding both offence and useless provocation.

JUSTICE AND PEACE

26. An integral concept of evangelisation necessarily includes promotion of human development in justice and peace. In this matter, Pope Paul VI recalled in his Apostolic Exhortation, Evangelii Nuntiandi (n.31) that there are "close links between evangelisation and human advancement, that is development and liberation. There is a connection in the anthropological order because the man who is to be evangelised is not an abstract being but a person subject to social and economic factors. There is also a connection in the theological sphere because the plan of creation cannot be isolated from the plan of redemption which extends to the very practical question of eradicating injustice and establishing justice. There is, finally, a connection in the evangelical order, that is, the order of charity, for how can the new law be proclaimed unless it promotes a true practical advancement of man in a spirit of justice and peace?"

The challenges to the Church in Africa and Madagascar in this regard are many and serious. There are issues of abject poverty, diseases which must be allowed no room - AIDS in the first place - widespread illiteracy and ignorance. Most countries have been witnessing in recent years a tragic worsening of health services and educational facilities. We must think also of conflicts and wars within the between nations, with the consequent shameful and painful phenomenon of refugees and displaced persons throughout the continent. All these sufferings derive from the violation of the fundamental human rights of persons and groups.

Can one forget that the basic cause of this sad situation is human weakness and the wickedness of the heart of man, his egoism and greed. This is found all over the world, but the effect is more damaging in a society, like ours, which is poor in resources and where the sense of public responsibility leaves much to be desired.

In the face of these realities, it is of paramount importance that the Church at all levels plays her role of awakening the moral conscience of all in view of healing the ills which afflict society. She does this by means proper to her mission: the teaching and courageous stand of the pastors, the living witness of the lay faithful and the prayers of the whole Church.

27. In more specific terms, the most serious social problems of the continent derive also from bad government, economic mismanagement and corruption. Hence the importance of the political engagement of Christians. The Church in Africa has responsibility in this matter which it cannot abdicate without failing in her mission. She cannot fail I her prophetic role of denouncing and condemning in clear terms the social vices of the nation, especially of its leaders. In recent times, during major national crises in some countries, esteem for and confidence in members of the hierarchy have let to some of them being called upon to act as impartial mediators and prudent peacemakers. The Holy Father spoke on this matter the Bishops of the Republic of Congo, as follows: "It can happen that Pastors, in an evangelical spirit and with much sincerity and generosity, accept for some time a mission in the political order for the good of the nation. Such situations remain exceptional. For one entrusted with the care of souls who wishes to be truly a gatherer of the People of God ought to be free in relation to direct political action in the nation. On the other hand, you should have it close at heart to be present to your people through appropriate directives, especially when the people need to be enlightened, encouraged and supported in times of crisis. May all see in you images of Christ, the image of men of God who deeply love their nation and share in all the conditions of life, good and bad, as the Lord did on earth" (John Paul II, "Discourse to the Bishops of the Republic of Congo on ad Limina Visit (25.11.1993), 8: L'Osservatore Romano, French weekly edition, 2293 (14.12.1993) 5, 7.).

In any case, direct involvement in the political arena is the proper duty of the lay members of the Church. What is the value of the participation of many Catholics in politics at all levels? It is not enough to count the members we have in key positions. How can they be trained, formed, motivated and spiritually equipped to promote Christ's kingdom of justice and peace in the community? Here the social teachings of the Church, especially in the area of politics and public life, need to be brought more systematically to the knowledge of our Christians. They will thus be better prepared to confront and participate in the democratic experiences all over the continent.

28. The role of women in society merits particular attention. This has become a burning issue all over the world, and Africa cannot but be affected by these debates. We must critically examine, in the light of the Gospel, those aspects of our African culture which promote or at least condone negative attitudes towards women. The African woman should be able to count on the Church to be the defender of her rights as a human person and the promoter of her authentic role: in social life, politics, economics, but also as a wife and mother.

29. There is also the tragedy of fratricidal wars and conflicts in many parts of our continent. We should be asking in this Synod what the Church in Africa can do to promote greater justice and harmony and to restore peace in troubled areas.

The issues of justice and peace in Africa have important international dimensions. This Synod, as an Assembly of the universal Church, affords a good opportunity to highlight them. Africa is still to fully recover from the negative effects of a long history of political and economic dependence on foreign powers. In many ways, present patterns of international relationships sometimes also aggravate the problems of the continent. There is great encouragement from the Holy Father, who, on many occasions, but especially in his most recent social Encyclical, Centessimus annus, has made himself a fervent advocate of poor nations all over the world, especially Africa. He has challenged the rich nations on a variety of burning issues: to lift the debilitating "foreign debt", to redress unfair trade relations, to respect the right to the just freedom and auto-determination of peoples, and to allow a more equitable sharing by all in God's blessings to humanity. He has also addressed, with equal candour and vigour, the faults and failings, the corruption and incompetence of some leaders of the poor nations. Is it too much to expect that the voice of the Pope will challenge the local Churches everywhere, but especially in the richer lands, to ever greater and more effective pastoral action for a better and more just world order? To this we, the Bishops of the Synod, are particularly committed, as the Instrumentum laboris affirms at n. 125. This too is part of the evangelising task of the world-wide Church.

MEANS OF SOCIAL COMMUNICATION

30. Evangelisation is the communication of a Good News whose source is God himself. All available forms of human communication must be employed to spread the message of Christ.

In the first place, we should not forget the traditional means of communication: songs, stories, proverbs, music, drama, mime, etc. Such means are available to all in Africa and still retain their effectiveness at the grassroots. Besides, these often form the materials packaged for distribution through the modern gadgets. Examples are local songs and music on radio, bible or religious plays on television or videocassettes. When properly done they can be most effective.

The modern means of communication are a miracle of our times, and a gift of God to humanity. This wonderful phenomenon is to be considered not only as a means of evangelisation but also as a world to be evangelised. In order that modern mass media be a vehicle for truth, peace and spiritual values and not a corrupting influence on society, conscious and consistent attention must be given to it. To do this is a great challenge to the Church, especially as much of this world of the media is often beyond the reach and control of the Church that is evangelising. In many countries, government has monopolised control of all electronic media. In others, programmes from foreign sources dominate the transmissions offered to the people. This leaves little room for the Church to manoeuvre. All available access to the mass media must be explored: these range from private Church ownership of radio and television, through slots or air time on public media to indirect influence through Catholics employed in government media houses.

31. In all cases, the role of Catholics in the media profession is always of paramount importance. They need to have good professional competence as well as being themselves well-informed on the doctrines and teachings of the Church, especially in the social domain. They also need spiritual motivation and empowerment to play their evangelising role in the practice of their profession, promoting truth, justice, love and peace. It is not always easy to do this. Journalists are often targets of attack and repression by dictatorial regimes that cannot bear free expression of the truth. Harassment of journalists in the legitimate practice of their profession of disseminating information deserve strong condemnation, when the journalists themselves who are victims of such harassment should be commended and encouraged to continue the struggle. On their part, journalists must demonstrate the necessary sense of professional responsibility, in what they publish and how they do it.

32. If radio and television are often beyond Church control, there is always room for the print media whose importance should not be underestimated. There is little reading material in Africa and many people who cannot read, but precisely for these reasons whatever we can produce is likely to be carefully read, by many who can read, and for many more who cannot.

33. Communication is an area where international co-operation has become necessary and effective. For example, a few powerful radio transmitters, strategically located, can cover the whole of our continent with well produced "Good News" of salvation. Other confessions and religions are already planning to invade the African airwaves with their own transmissions. What has this Synod to say on the very important matter?

The Instrumentum laboris mentions many forms of media, namely mass media, group media, and self-media. Each has its own appropriate equipment, some within easy reach at affordable prices. Each has its own utility as an instrument of evangelisation.

CONCLUSION

34. The main question facing this Synod can be phrased as follows: "Church of Africa, what must you no become so that your message may be relevant and credible?" We will do well to keep this fundamental question in mind in all our discussion in the days ahead.

Evangelisation is the work of the Holy Spirit who is its primary agent. But it is also an assignment which the Lord Jesus has entrusted to his Church, under the guidance and in the power of the Spirit. Our co-operation is necessary, in fervent prayer, hard thinking and planning, collaboration and mobilisation of resources.

Of special importance and particular relevance this forum is the need for greater inter-ecclesial solidarity on the African continental level, especially with those who are in difficult conditions and in suffering.

Our Holy Mother Mary has many Churches and institutions named after her in Africa and Madagascar. This is an eloquent sign that she has always accompanied God's project of evangelisation in our lands. We hope that this Synod will be a new Pentecost - with Mary present with us as she was with the Apostles at the first Pentecost of the Church. We commit the work of the Synod to her powerful protection and intercession.
 

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